São Luís, Patrimônio
Cultural Nacional e Mundial, Maranhão.
Edição:
ARS/RAS – Ronald de Almeida Silva; revisão_01; 04fev2016.
ORGANIZAÇÃO
MUNDIAL DE SAÚDE 2016
WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION 2016
ALERTA MUNDIAL
Declaração oficial da OMS/WHO sobre o vírus ZIKA em 01fev2016:
EMERGÊNCIA DE SAÚDE PÚBLICA DE PREOCUPAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL.
Public
Health Emergency of International Concern
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/
SAÚDE PÚBLICA e ZIKA
EPIDEMIAS CAUSADAS PELO MOSQUITO AEDES AEGYPTI
INFORMAÇÕES DA OMS (WHO)
O vírus ZIKA é
transmitido às pessoas através da picada de um mosquito infectado do género Aedes, principalmente o Aedes
aegypti nas regiões tropicais.
Trata-se do mesmo mosquito que transmite [as seguintes doenças,
algumas letais em certos casos]:
Ø o DENGUE,
Ø o CHIKUNGUNYA e
Ø a FEBRE AMARELA.
Ø O vírus ZIKA pode
causar outras doenças como malformações
neonatais nos fetos (MICROCEFALIAS irreversíveis) e distúrbios neurológicos (SÍNDROME DE GUILLAIN-BARRÉ)
OMS declara emergência
internacional por causa do zika vírus
Organização Mundial da Saúde anunciou que vai criar fundo
para acelerar as pesquisas e desenvolver uma vacina para o vírus da zika.
Fonte: Portal G1 – Rede Globo.
Edição do dia 02/02/2016
02/02/2016 07h59 - Atualizado em 02/02/2016
08h18
http://g1.globo.com/bom-dia-brasil/noticia/2016/02/oms-declara-emergencia-internacional-por-causa-do-zika-virus.html
Acesso
RAS em 04fev2016
A Organização Mundial da Saúde declarou EMERGÊNCIA PLANETÁRIA por causa do
surto de microcefalia nas regiões do mundo que tenham o vírus zika.
A OMS anunciou que vai criar um fundo para acelerar as
pesquisas e desenvolver uma vacina para o vírus zika. O órgão fez um apelo por
uma resposta agressiva de todo o mundo para ajudar os países mais afetados. O
mais importante é reduzir o risco de mais contágio.
Zika, emergência mundial
O governo da presidente Dilma Rousseff
(PT) parece não ter acordado para a gravidade da situação que o país enfrenta
com a epidemia do vírus da febre zika.
02/02/2016
http://www.agora.uol.com.br/editorial/2016/02/1736133-zika-emergencia-mundial.shtml
Ontem, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) considerou o assunto uma
emergência planetária e cobrou vigilância máxima. Talvez isso leve o Brasil a
se mexer com a velocidade necessária. Até aqui, porém, faltam informação, coordenação e mobilização.
- Leia o editorial completo na
edição impressa do Agora nesta terça, 2 de fevereiro, nas bancas
ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DE SAÚDE / WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 2016
TEXTO EM PORTUGUÊS [PORTUGAL]: FOLHA DE
INFORMAÇÕES BÁSICAS
DOENÇA DO VÍRUS ZIKA
Fact sheet; January 2016
[I] [INTRODUÇÃO]
- A doença do vírus Zika é causada por um vírus transmitido pelos
mosquitos Aedes.
- As pessoas com a doença do vírus Zika têm, normalmente, febre
ligeira, erupção da pele (exantema) e conjuntivite. Estes sintomas duram,
normalmente, 2-7 dias.
- Actualmente, não existe qualquer tratamento específico nem
vacina.
- A melhor forma de prevenção é a protecção contra a picada do
mosquito.
- Sabe-se que o vírus circula em África, nas Américas, na Ásia e
no Pacífico.
6.
O vírus Zika é um vírus
recente, transmitido pelo mosquito que foi inicialmente identificado no Uganda, em1947, em macacos Rhesus,
através de uma rede de monitorização da febre amarela selvagem. Posteriormente,
foi identificado em seres humanos, em 1952, no Uganda e na República Unida da Tanzânia.
7.
Têm-se registado surtos da
doença do vírus Zika em África, nas Américas, na Ásia e no Pacífico.
Ø Género: Flavivírus
Ø Vector: mosquitos Aedes (que
picam, normalmente, durante a manhã e ao fim da tarde)
Ø Reservatório: desconhecido
[2] SINAIS E SINTOMAS
8.
O período de incubação (o tempo
que decorre desde a exposição até aos sintomas) da doença do vírus Zika não
está estabelecido, mas é provavelmente de alguns dias.
9.
Os sintomas são semelhantes a
outras infecções por arbovírus,
incluindo o dengue, e são a febre,
erupções pele, conjuntivite, mialgia, artralgia, mal-estar e cefaleias.
Estes sintomas são, normalmente, ligeiros e duram 2-7 dias.
10.
Durante grandes surtos na
Polinésia Francesa e no Brasil, respectivamente em 2013 e 2015, as autoridades
sanitárias nacionais comunicaram potenciais complicações neurológicas e
auto-imunes da doença do vírus Zika. Recentemente, no Brasil, as autoridades sanitárias
locais observaram um aumento das infecções pelo vírus Zika no público em geral,
assim como um aumento nos bebés nascidos com microcefalia no nordeste do
Brasil.
11.
As agências que investigam os
surtos de Zika estão a encontrar um conjunto de evidências cada vez maior sobre
a ligação entre o vírus Zika e a microcefalia. No entanto, é necessário fazer
mais investigação antes de compreendermos a relação entre a microcefalia em
bebés e o vírus Zika.
12.
Outras potenciais causas estão
igualmente a ser investigadas.
[3] TRANSMISSÃO
13.
O vírus Zika é transmitido às
pessoas através da picada de um mosquito infectado do género Aedes,
principalmente o Aedes aegypti nas regiões tropicas. Trata-se do mesmo mosquito
que transmite o dengue, o chikungunya e a febre amarela.
14.
Surtos da doença do vírus Zika
foram notificados, pela primeira vez, no Pacífico, em 2007 e 2013
(respectivamente em Yap e Polinésia Francesa) e, em 2015, nas Américas (Brasil
e Colômbia) e em África (Cabo Verde). Por outro lado, mais de 13 países nas Américas
notificaram infecções esporádicas pelo vírus Zika, o que indica uma rápida
expansão geográfica do vírus.
[4] DIAGNÓSTICO
15.
O vírus Zika é diagnosticado
através de PCR (reacção em cadeia da polimerase) e do isolamento do vírus em
amostras de sangue. O diagnóstico por serologia pode ser difícil porque o vírus
pode ter uma reação cruzada com outros flavivírus, como o dengue, febre do Nilo
Ocidental e febre amarela.
[5] PREVENÇÃO
16.
Os mosquitos e os seus locais
de proliferação representam um significativo factor de risco para a infecção
pelo vírus Zika. A prevenção e o controlo dependem da redução dos mosquitos
através da redução das fontes (eliminação e modificação dos locais de
proliferação) w da redução do contacto entre os mosquitos e as pessoas.
17.
Isso pode ser feito usando
repelentes de insectos, usando vestuário /(preferencialmente de cor clara) que
cubram tanto o corpo quanto possível, usando barreiras físicas, como redes,
portas e janelas fechadas e dormir sob a protecção de mosquiteiros. É
igualmente importante esvaziar, limpar e cobrir recipientes que possam conter
água, tais como baldes, vasos ou pneus com flores, para eliminar os locais de
reprodução dos mosquitos.
18.
Deve dar-se especial atenção e
ajuda às pessoas que possam não poder proteger-se devidamente, tais com as
crianças, os doentes e os idosos.
19.
Durante os surtos, as
autoridades sanitárias poderão aconselhar a usar a pulverização de
insecticidas.
20.
Os insecticidas recomendados
pelo Esquema de Avaliação de Pesticidas da OMS podem também ser usados como
larvicidas, para tratar recipientes de água relativamente grandes.
21.
Os viajantes devem tomar as
precauções básicas acima descritas, para se protegerem contra as picadas dos
mosquitos.
[6] TRATAMENTO
22.
A doença do vírus Zika é,
normalmente, relativamente ligeira e não requer um tratamento específico. As
pessoas com o vírus Zika devem repousar bastante, beber muitos líquidos e
tratar as dores e a febre com medicamentos comuns. Se os sintomas piorarem,
devem procurar aconselhamento e cuidados médicos.
23. Actualmente,
não existe nenhuma vacina disponível.
Resposta da OMS
24.
A OMS está a ajudar os países a
controlarem a doença do vírus Zika, através de:
Ø Reforço da vigilância;
Ø Formação de capacidades dos laboratórios para
detectar o vírus;
Ø Trabalho com os países, para eliminar as
populações de mosquitos;
Ø Preparação de recomendações para cuidados
clínicos e monitorização das pessoas com infecção pelo vírus Zika; e
Ø Definição e apoio de áreas prioritárias de
investigação da doença do vírus Zika e possíveis complicações.
ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DE SAÚDE / WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Official Statement; 01feb2016:
WHO announces a Public Health Emergency of International
Concern.
WHO Director-General
[Dr. Margaret Chan] summarizes the
outcome of the Emergency Committee regarding clusters of microcephaly and
Guillain-Barré syndrome
WHO statement on the first meeting of the
International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee on Zika virus and
observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations
1 February 2016
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/
- I convened an
Emergency Committee, under the International Health Regulations, to gather
advice on the severity of the health threat associated with the continuing
spread of Zika virus disease in Latin America and the Caribbean. The
Committee met today by teleconference.
- In assessing the
level of threat, the 18 experts and advisers looked in particular at the
strong association, in time and place, between infection with the Zika
virus and a rise in detected cases of congenital malformations and
neurological complications.
- The experts
agreed that a causal relationship between Zika infection during pregnancy
and microcephaly is strongly suspected, though not yet scientifically
proven. All agreed on the urgent need to coordinate international efforts
to investigate and understand this relationship better.
- The experts also
considered patterns of recent spread and the broad geographical distribution
of mosquito species that can transmit the virus.
- The lack of
vaccines and rapid and reliable diagnostic tests, and the absence of
population immunity in newly affected countries were cited as further
causes for concern.
- After a review of
the evidence, the Committee advised that the recent cluster of
microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders reported in Brazil,
following a similar cluster in French Polynesia in 2014, constitutes an
“extraordinary event” and a public health threat to other parts of the
world.
- In their view, a
coordinated international response is needed to minimize the threat in
affected countries and reduce the risk of further international spread.
- Members of the
Committee agreed that the situation meets the conditions for a Public
Health Emergency of International Concern.
- I have accepted
this advice.
- I am now
declaring that the recent cluster of microcephaly cases and other
neurological disorders reported in Brazil,
following a similar cluster in French
Polynesia in 2014, constitutes a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern.
- A coordinated
international response is needed to improve surveillance, the detection of
infections, congenital malformations, and neurological complications, to
intensify the control of mosquito populations, and to expedite the
development of diagnostic tests and vaccines to protect people at risk,
especially during pregnancy.
- The Committee
found no public health justification for restrictions on travel or trade
to prevent the spread of Zika virus.
- At present, the
most important protective measures are the control of mosquito populations
and the prevention of mosquito bites in at-risk individuals, especially
pregnant women.
Dr. Margaret Chan
WHO Director-General
Source: WHO - World Health
Organization
1 February 2016 –
http://www.who.int/en/
1. WHO announced today that the recent
cluster of neurological disorders and neonatal malformations reported in the
Americas region constitutes a Public
Health Emergency of International Concern.
2.
This comes after the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee agreed that a
causal link between this cluster and Zika virus disease is strongly suspected.
It constitutes an “extraordinary event” and a public health threat to other
parts of the world.
Zika virus infection – United
States of America - United States Virgin Islands
Disease Outbreak News; 29 January 2016
Access RAS in 04feb2016
- On 25 January
2016, the National IHR Focal Point for the United States of America
notified PAHO/WHO of the first laboratory-confirmed cases of Zika virus
infection in St. Croix, one of
the three main islands in the United
States Virgin Islands (USVI).
- The USVI
Department of Health received laboratory confirmation of the case on 22
January. The patient is a non-pregnant woman from USVI who reported the onset of fever, rash, conjunctivitis and
arthralgia on 1 January. She had not travelled in the three weeks that preceded
the onset of symptoms.
- A serum sample
obtained from the patient on 8 January tested IgM positive at the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The sample was negative for
dengue and chikungunya virus infections.
PUBLIC
HEALTH RESPONSE
- The territorial
health department currently is investigating several suspect cases of Zika
virus disease. The public is being urged to take preventive measures to
avoid mosquito bites.
WHO ADVICE
- The proximity of
mosquito vector breeding sites to human habitation is a significant risk
factor for Zika virus infection. Prevention and control relies on reducing
the breeding of mosquitoes through source reduction (removal and
modification of breeding sites) and reducing contact between mosquitoes
and people. This can be achieved by reducing the number of natural and
artificial water-filled habitats that support mosquito larvae, reducing
the adult mosquito populations around at-risk communities and by using
barriers such as insect screens, closed doors and windows, long clothing
and repellents. Since the Aedes mosquitoes (the primary vector for
transmission) are day-biting mosquitoes, it is recommended that those who
sleep during the daytime, particularly young children, the sick or
elderly, should rest under mosquito nets (bed nets), treated with or
without insecticide to provide protection.
- During outbreaks,
space spraying of insecticides may be carried out following the technical
orientation provided by WHO to kill flying mosquitoes. Suitable
insecticides (recommended by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme) may also
be used as larvicides to treat relatively large water containers, when
this is technically indicated.
- Basic precautions
for protection from mosquito bites should be taken by people traveling to
high risk areas, especially pregnant women. These include use of
repellents, wearing light colored, long sleeved shirts and pants and
ensuring rooms are fitted with screens to prevent mosquitoes from
entering.
- WHO does not
recommend any travel or trade restriction to the United States of America
based on the current information available.
ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DE SAÚDE / WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION
[WHO] Health topics
Zika virus
CDC/J. Gathany
Zika virus is a
mosquito-borne virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The same mosquito also
transmits 3 other vector-borne diseases -- Dengue,
Chikungunya and Yellow Fever – across tropical and subtropical regions
around the world. The most common symptoms of Zika virus are headache, muscle
and joint pain, mild fever, rash, and inflammation of the underside of the
eyelid. To lower the risk of being infected with Zika virus: use insect
repellent; cover as much of the body as possible with long, light-coloured
clothing; empty, clean or cover containers that can hold water to remove places
mosquitoes can breed; and sleep under mosquito nets.
Full coverage of the current situation
regarding Zika virus, clusters of microcephaly cases, and neurologic disorders
in some areas affected by Zika virus.
 |
| Source: WHO: http://www.who.int/en/ |
ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DE SAÚDE / WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION
ZIKA VIRUS
Fact sheet; Updated January 2016
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/zika/en/
Key facts
Ø
Zika virus
disease is caused by a virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
Ø People with Zika virus disease usually have
a mild fever, skin rash (exanthema) and conjunctivitis. These
symptoms normally last for 2-7 days.
Ø
There is no
specific treatment or vaccine currently available.
Ø
The best
form of prevention is protection against mosquito bites.
Ø
The virus
is known to circulate in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific.
Introduction
ZIKA VIRUS is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first
identified in Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys through a
monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever. It was subsequently identified in
humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in
Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific.
Ø Genre:
Flavivirus
Ø
Vector: Aedes
mosquitoes (which usually bite during the morning and late
afternoon/evening hours)
Ø Reservoir:
Unknown
Signs and Symptoms
The incubation period (the time from
exposure to symptoms) of Zika virus disease is not clear, but is likely to be a
few days. The symptoms are similar to other arbovirus infections such as
dengue, and include fever, skin rashes, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain,
malaise, and headache. These symptoms are usually mild and last for 2-7 days.
During large outbreaks in French Polynesia
and Brazil in 2013 and 2015 respectively, national health authorities reported
potential neurological and auto-immune complications of Zika virus disease.
Recently in Brazil, local health authorities have observed an increase in Zika
virus infections in the general public as well as an increase in babies born
with microcephaly in northeast Brazil. Agencies investigating the Zika
outbreaks are finding an increasing body of evidence about the link between
Zika virus and microcephaly. However, more investigation is needed before we
understand the relationship between microcephaly in babies and the Zika virus.
Other potential causes are also being investigated.
Transmission
Zika virus is transmitted to people
through the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus, mainly Aedes
aegypti in tropical regions. This is the same mosquito that transmits
dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.
Zika virus disease outbreaks were reported
for the first time from the Pacific in 2007 and 2013 (Yap and French Polynesia,
respectively), and in 2015 from the Americas (Brazil and Colombia) and Africa
(Cape Verde). In addition, more than 13 countries in the Americas have reported
sporadic Zika virus infections indicating rapid geographic expansion of Zika
virus.
Diagnosis
Zika virus is diagnosed through PCR
(polymerase chain reaction) and virus isolation from blood samples. Diagnosis
by serology can be difficult as the virus can cross-react with other
flaviviruses such as dengue, West Nile and yellow fever.
Prevention
Mosquitoes and their breeding sites pose a
significant risk factor for Zika virus infection. Prevention and control relies
on reducing mosquitoes through source reduction (removal and modification of
breeding sites) and reducing contact between mosquitoes and people.
This can be done by using insect
repellent; wearing clothes (preferably light-coloured) that cover as much of
the body as possible; using physical barriers such as screens, closed doors and
windows; and sleeping under mosquito nets. It is also important to empty, clean
or cover containers that can hold water such as buckets, flower pots or tyres,
so that places where mosquitoes can breed are removed.
Special attention and help should be given
to those who may not be able to protect themselves adequately, such as young
children, the sick or elderly.
During outbreaks, health authorities may
advise that spraying of insecticides be carried out. Insecticides recommended
by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme may also be used as larvicides to treat
relatively large water containers.
Travellers should take the basic
precautions described above to protect themselves from mosquito bites.
Treatment
Zika virus disease is usually relatively
mild and requires no specific treatment. People sick with Zika virus should get
plenty of rest, drink enough fluids, and treat pain and fever with common
medicines. If symptoms worsen, they should seek medical care and advice. There
is currently no vaccine available.
WHO
response
WHO is supporting countries to control
Zika virus disease through:
Ø
Define and
prioritize research into Zika virus disease by convening experts and partners.
Ø
Enhance
surveillance of Zika virus and potential complications.
Ø
Strengthen
capacity in risk communication to help countries meet their commitments under
the International Health Regulations.
Ø
Provide
training on clinical management, diagnosis and vector control including through
a number of WHO Collaborating Centres.
Ø
Strengthen
the capacity of laboratories to detect the virus.
Ø
Support
health authorities to implement vector control strategies aimed at reducing Aedes
mosquito populations such as providing larvicide to treat standing water sites
that cannot be treated in other ways, such as cleaning, emptying, and covering
them.
Ø
Prepare
recommendations for clinical care and follow-up of people with Zika virus, in
collaboration with experts and other health agencies.
ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DE SAÚDE / WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION
[FAQ] ZIKA VIRUS DISEASE: Questions and answers
Online Q&A: 20 January 2016
http://www.who.int/features/qa/zika/en/
[1] Where does Zika virus occur?
Zika virus occurs in tropical areas with
large mosquito populations, and is known to circulate in Africa, the Americas,
Southern Asia and Western Pacific.
Zika virus was discovered in 1947, but for
many years only sporadic human cases were detected in Africa and Southern Asia.
In 2007, the first documented outbreak of Zika virus disease occurred in the
Pacific. Since 2013, cases and outbreaks of the disease have been reported from
the Western Pacific, the Americas and Africa. Given the expansion of
environments where mosquitoes can live and breed, facilitated by urbanisation
and globalisation, there is potential for major urban epidemics of Zika virus
disease to occur globally.
[2] How do people catch Zika virus?
People catch Zika virus by being bitten by
an infected Aedes mosquito – the same type of mosquito that spreads
dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.
[3] How does Aedes mosquito
reproduce?
Only female mosquitoes bite; they are
intermittent feeders and prefer to bite more than one person. Once the female
mosquito is fully fed, it needs to rest 3 days before it lays eggs. The eggs
can survive up to 1 year without water. Once water is available, and small
quantities of standing water are sufficient, the eggs develop into larvae and
then adult mosquitoes. Mosquitoes get infected from people with the virus.
[4] Where can the Aedes mosquito
survive?
There are 2 types of Aedes mosquito
capable of transmitting the Zika virus. In most cases, Zika spreads through the
Aedes aegypti mosquito in tropical and subtropical regions. The Aedes
aegypti mosquito does not survive in cooler climate temperatures. The Aedes
albopictus mosquito can also transmit the virus. This mosquito can
hibernate and survive cooler temperature regions.
[5] Can the Aedes mosquito travel
from country to country and region to region?
The Aedes mosquito is a weak flyer;
it cannot fly more than 400 meters. But it may inadvertently be transported by
humans from one place to another (e.g. in the back of the car, plants). If it
can survive the temperature climate of the destination, it may theoretically be
capable of reproducing itself there and introduce Zika virus to new areas.
[6] What are the symptoms of Zika virus
disease?
Zika virus usually causes mild illness;
with symptoms appearing a few days after a person is bitten by an infected
mosquito. Most people with Zika virus disease will get a slight fever and rash.
Others may also get conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, and feel tired. The
symptoms usually finish in 2 to 7 days.
[7] What might be the potential
complications of Zika virus?
Because no large outbreaks of Zika virus
were recorded before 2007, little is currently known about the complications of
the disease.
During the first outbreak of Zika from
2013 - 2014 in French Polynesia, which also coincided with an ongoing outbreak
of dengue, national health authorities reported an unusual increase in
Guillain-Barré syndrome. Retrospective investigations into this effect are
ongoing, including the potential role of Zika virus and other possible factors.
A similar observation of increased Guillain-Barré syndrome was also made in
2015 in the context of the first Zika virus outbreak in Brazil.
In 2015, local health authorities in
Brazil also observed an increase in babies born with microcephaly at the same
time of an outbreak of Zika virus. Health authorities and agencies are now
investigating the potential connection between microcephaly and Zika virus, in
addition to other possible causes. However more investigation and research is
needed before we will be able to better understand any possible link.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a condition in
which the body’s immune system attacks part of the nervous system. It can be
caused by a number of viruses and can affect people of any age. Exactly what
triggers the syndrome is not known. The main symptoms include muscular weakness
and tingling in the arms and legs. Severe complications can occur if the
respiratory muscles are affected, requiring hospitalisation. Most people
affected by Guillain-Barré syndrome will recover, although some may continue to
experience effects such as weakness.
[8] Should pregnant women be concerned
about Zika?
Health authorities are currently
investigating a potential link between Zika virus in pregnant women and
microcephaly in their babies. Until more is known, women who are pregnant or
planning to become pregnant should take extra care to protect themselves from mosquito
bites.
If you are pregnant and suspect that you
may have Zika virus disease, consult your doctor for close monitoring during
your pregnancy.
[9] What is microcephaly?
Microcephaly is a rare condition where a
baby has an abnormally small head. This is due to abnormal brain development of
the baby in the womb or during infancy. Babies and children with microcephaly
often have challenges with their brain development as they grow older.
Microcephaly can be caused by a variety of
environmental and genetic factors such as Downs syndrome; exposure to drugs,
alcohol or other toxins in the womb; and rubella infection during pregnancy.
[10] How is Zika virus disease treated?
The symptoms of Zika virus disease can be
treated with common pain and fever medicines, rest and plenty of water. If
symptoms worsen, people should seek medical advice. There is currently no cure
or vaccine for the disease itself.
[11] How is Zika virus disease diagnosed?
For most people diagnosed with Zika virus
disease, diagnosis is based on their symptoms and recent history (e.g. mosquito
bites, or travel to an area where Zika virus is known to be present). A
laboratory can confirm the diagnosis by blood tests.
[12] What can I do to protect myself?
The best protection from Zika virus is
preventing mosquito bites. Preventing mosquito bites will protect people from
Zika virus, as well as other diseases that are transmitted by mosquitoes such
as dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.
This can be done by using insect
repellent; wearing clothes (preferably light-coloured) that cover as much of
the body as possible; using physical barriers such as screens, closed doors and
windows; and sleeping under mosquito nets. It is also important to empty, clean
or cover containers that can hold even small amounts of water such as buckets,
flower pots or tyres, so that places where mosquitoes can breed are removed.
[13] Should I avoid travelling to areas
where Zika virus is occurring?
Travellers should stay informed about Zika
virus and other mosquito-borne diseases and consult their local health or
travel authorities if they are concerned.
To protect against Zika virus and other
mosquito-borne diseases, everyone should avoid being bitten by mosquitoes by
taking the measures described above. Women who are pregnant or planning to
become pregnant should follow this advice, and may also consult their local
health authorities if travelling to an area with an ongoing Zika virus
outbreak.
Based on available evidence, WHO is not
recommending any travel or trade restrictions related to Zika virus disease. As
a precautionary measure, some national governments have made public health and
travel recommendations to their own populations, based on their assessments of
the available evidence and local risk factors.
[14] Can El Niňo have an effect on Zika?
The Aedes aegypti mosquito breeds
in standing water. Severe drought, flooding, heavy rains and temperature rises
are all known effects of El Niño—a warming of the central to eastern tropical
Pacific Ocean. An increase in mosquitos can be expected due to expanding and
favourable breeding sites. Steps can be taken to prevent and reduce the health
effects of El Niño, in particular by reducing the mosquito populations that
spread Zika virus. WHO and partners are working together to provide support to
ministries of health to:
Ø increase preparedness and response to El
Niño;
Ø strengthen any action that helps control
mosquito populations such as source reduction measures targeting main mosquito
breeding spots, distribution of larvicide (insecticide that is specifically
targeted against the larval life stage of the Aedes mosquito) to
treat standing water sites that cannot be treated in other ways (cleaning,
emptying, covering), etc.;
Ø strengthen vector surveillance (e.g. how
many breeding sites in an area, percentage of sites reduced) and
Ø monitor the impact of actions to control the
mosquito populations.
Individual households can also help reduce
mosquito populations. Containers that can hold even small amounts of clear
water such as buckets, flower pots or used tyres should be emptied, cleaned or
covered so that mosquitoes cannot use them to breed (including during severe
drought).
[15] What gaps do we have in our
understanding of Zika virus?
Key issues to be addressed in our
understanding of Zika virus disease include:
Ø Epidemiological characteristics of the
virus, e.g. its incubation period, the role mosquitoes play in transmitting the
virus and its geographical spread.
Ø Potential medical countermeasures (including
treatments and vaccines) that can be developed.
Ø How Zika virus interacts with other
arboviruses (viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks and other
arthropods) such as dengue.
Ø Development of more specific laboratory
diagnostic tests for Zika virus that can reduce misdiagnosis that may occur due
to the presence of dengue or other viruses in a test sample.
[16] What is WHO doing?
WHO is working with countries to:
Ø Define and prioritize research into Zika
virus disease by convening experts and partners.
Ø Enhance surveillance of Zika virus and
potential complications.
Ø Strengthen capacity in risk communication to
help countries meet their commitments under the International Health
Regulations.
Ø Provide training on clinical management,
diagnosis and vector control including through a number of WHO Collaborating
Centres.
Ø Strengthen the capacity of laboratories to
detect the virus.
Ø Support health authorities to implement
vector control strategies aimed at reducing Aedes mosquito populations
such as providing larvicide to treat standing water sites that cannot be
treated in other ways, such as cleaning, emptying, and covering them.
Ø Prepare recommendations for clinical care
and follow-up of people with Zika virus, in collaboration with experts and
other health agencies.
About WHO
http://www.who.int/about/en/
Who we are
WHO began when our
Constitution came into force on 7 April 1948 –
a date we now celebrate every year as World Health Day. We are now more than
7000 people working in 150 country offices, in 6 regional offices and at our
headquarters in Geneva.
What we do
Our primary role is to direct and
coordinate international health within the United Nations’ system.
These are our main areas of work:
Health systems
Promoting health through the
life-course
Noncommunicable diseases
Communicable diseases
Corporate services
Preparedness, surveillance and
response.
Where we work
We support countries as they
coordinate the efforts of multiple sectors of the government and partners –
including bi- and multilaterals, funds and foundations, civil society
organizations and private sector – to attain their health objectives and
support their national health policies and strategies.
How we are governed
Who we work with
Planning, finance and accountability
Ø Budget
Ø Funding
Director-General
Dr. Margaret
Chan: Biography
WHO
Dr. Margaret Chan, from the
People's Republic of China, obtained her medical degree from the University of
Western Ontario in Canada. She joined the Hong Kong Department of Health in
1978, where her career in public health began.
In 1994, Dr Chan was
appointed Director of Health of Hong Kong. In her nine-year tenure as director,
she launched new services to prevent the spread of disease and promote better
health. She also introduced new initiatives to improve communicable disease
surveillance and response, enhance training for public health professionals,
and establish better local and international collaboration. She effectively
managed outbreaks of avian influenza and of severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS).
In 2003, Dr Chan joined WHO
as Director of the Department for Protection of the Human Environment. In June
2005, she was appointed Director, Communicable Diseases Surveillance and
Response as well as Representative of the Director-General for Pandemic
Influenza. In September 2005, she was named Assistant Director-General for
Communicable Diseases.
Dr Chan was elected to the
post of Director-General on 9 November 2006. The Assembly appointed Dr Chan for
a second five-year term at its sixty-fifth session in May 2012. Dr Chan's new term will begin on 1 July
2012 and continue until 30 June 2017.
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