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DENG XIAOPING (1904-1997)
CHINESE
LEADER
WRITTEN BY:The
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Alternative Title: Teng Hsiao-p’ing
Access RAS 2020-05-19
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DENG XIAOPING; Carter, JimmyChinese leader DENG XIAOPING with
U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter at the White House, Washington, D.C., January 1979.National
Archives, Washington, D.C. (183157)
|
DENG XIAOPING, (Wade-Giles
romanization) Teng Hsiao-p’ing, (born August 22, 1904,
Guang’an, Sichuan province,
China—died February 19, 1997, Beijing), Chinese communist leader who was
the most powerful figure in the People’s Republic of China from
the late 1970s until his death in 1997. He abandoned many orthodox communist
doctrines and attempted to incorporate elements of the free-enterprise system
and other reforms into the Chinese economy.
Britannica kids:
He was born Deng Xixian on Aug. 22,
1904, to a wealthy family in Sichuan Province. At age 16 he went to Paris to
study. While there he joined the
Communist movement and was befriended by ZHOU ENLAI. He
went to the Soviet Union to study in 1926. The following year Deng
returned to China and began to work actively as an underground organizer for
the Communist party, becoming a close adviser to Mao during the Chinese civil
war.
EARLY LIFE AND CAREER UNTIL THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION
1.
DENG
was the son of a landowner and studied in France (1920–24),
where he became active in the communist movement, and in the Soviet Union (1925–26).
2.
He then returned to China and later became a leading political and
military organizer in the Jiangxi Soviet,
an autonomous communist
enclave in southwestern China that had been established in 1931 by Mao Zedong.
3.
Following the ouster of the communists by Nationalist forces
under CHIANG
KAI-SHEK in 1934, DENG participated in the arduous Long March (1934–35) of
the Chinese communists to a new base in Shaanxi province,
northwestern China.
4.
From 1937 to 1945 he served as the commissar (political officer)
of a division of the communists’ Eighth Route Army,
at which time he was appointed a secretary of the Central
Committee of the Chinese
Communist Party (CCP).
5.
DENG
also acted as chief commissar of the communists’ Second Field Army during the Chinese Civil War (1947–49).
6.
After the communist takeover of China in 1949, he became
the regional party leader of southwestern China.
7.
In 1952 he was summoned to Beijing and became a
vice-premier. Rising rapidly, he became general secretary of the CCP in 1954
and a member of the ruling Political
Bureau in 1955.
8.
From the mid-1950s DENG was a major policy maker in
both foreign and domestic affairs. He became closely allied with pragmatist
leaders such as LIU
SHAOQI, who stressed the use of material incentives and the formation
of skilled technical and managerial elites in China’s quest for economic
development.
9.
DENG
thus came into increasing conflict with MAO, who
stressed egalitarian policies and revolutionary enthusiasm as the key to economic growth, in
opposition to DENG’s emphasis on individual self-interest.
10.DENG was
attacked during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76)
by radical supporters of MAO. He was stripped of his high party and
government posts sometime in the years 1967–69, after which he disappeared from
public view.
11.In 1973, however, DENG
was reinstated under the sponsorship of Premier ZHOU ENLAI and
made deputy premier, and in 1975 he became vice-chairman of the party’s
Central Committee, a member of its Political Bureau (Politburo), and chief of
the general staff.
12.As effective head of the
government during the months preceding the death of ZHOU, he was widely
considered the likely successor to ZHOU. However, af ter ZHOU’S death in January 1976, the Gang of Four—the
pro-MAO radical elite during the Cultural Revolution—managed to purge DENG
from the leadership once again.
13.It was not until MAO’s death
in September 1976 and the consequent fall from power of the Gang of Four
that DENG was rehabilitated, this time with the assent of HUA GUOFENG, MAO’s
chosen successor to the leadership of China.
RISE TO PREEMINENCE
14.By July 1977 DENG
had returned to his high posts. He soon embarked on a struggle with HUA for
control of the party and government. DENG’s superior political skills
and broad base of support soon led HUA to surrender the premiership and
the chairmanship to protégés of DENG in 1980–81.
15.ZHAO ZIYANG became premier of the government, and HU YAOBANG became
general secretary of the CCP; both men looked to DENG for guidance.
16.From that point on, DENG proceeded to
carry out his own policies for the economic development of China.
17.Operating
through consensus,
compromise, and persuasion, DENG engineered important
reforms in virtually all aspects of China’s political, economic, and social
life. His most important social reform was the institution of the world’s
most rigorous family-planning program—the one-child policy—in
order to control China’s burgeoning population.
18.He instituted decentralized
economic management and rational and flexible long- term planning to achieve
efficient and controlled economic growth.
19.China’s peasant farmers were given
individual control over and responsibility for their production and profits, a
policy that resulted in greatly increased agricultural production within a few
years of its initiation in 1981.
20.DENG stressed
individual responsibility in the making of economic decisions, material
incentives as the reward for industry and initiative,
and the formation of cadres of skilled, well-educated technicians and managers
to spearhead China’s development.
21.He freed many industrial
enterprises from the control and supervision of the central government and gave
factory managers the authority to determine production levels and to pursue
profits for their enterprises.
22.In foreign affairs, DENG strengthened
China’s trade and cultural ties with the West and opened up Chinese enterprises
to foreign investment.
23.DENG eschewed the
most conspicuous leadership
posts in the party and government. But he was a member of the powerful Standing
Committee of the Political Bureau, and he retained control of the armed
forces by virtue of his being chairman of the CCP’s Central Military
Commission.
24.He was also a vice-chairman of the
CCP. Owing both to his posts and to the weight and authority of his voice
within the party, he remained China’s chief policy maker throughout the 1980s.
25.In 1987 DENG stepped down
from the CCP’s Central Committee, thereby relinquishing his seat on the
Political Bureau and its dominant Standing Committee. By so doing he compelled
similar retirements by many aged party leaders who had remained opposed or
resistant to his reforms.
26.DENG faced
a critical test of his leadership in April–June 1989. ZHAO had
replaced the too-liberal HU as general secretary of the CCP in 1987. HU’s
death in April 1989 sparked a series of student demonstrations in Tiananmen Square
in Beijing demanding greater political freedom and a more democratic
government.
27.After some hesitation, DENG
supported those in the CCP leadership who favoured the use of force to suppress
the protesters, and in June the army crushed the demonstrations in the Tiananmen
Square Incident with considerable loss of life.
28.ZHAO was
replaced as party leader by the more authoritarian
JIANG ZEMIN,
to whom DENG yielded his chairmanship of the Military Commission in
1989.
29.By then DENG lacked any
formal post in the communist leadership, but he still retained ultimate authority
in the party.
30.Although his direct involvement in
government declined in the 1990s, he retained his influence until his death in 1997
from complications of Parkinson disease
and a lung infection. Per DENG’s wishes, some of his organs were
donated, his body was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea.
LEGACY
31.DENG restored
China to domestic stability and economic growth after the disastrous excesses
of the Cultural Revolution. Under his leadership, China acquired a rapidly
growing economy, rising standards of living, considerably expanded personal and
cultural freedoms, and growing ties to the world economy.
32.DENG also
left in place a mildly authoritarian government that remained committed to the
CCP’s one-party rule even while it relied on free-market mechanisms to
transform China into a developed country.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna,
Senior Editor.
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Ronald Almeida SLZ-MA. 19mai2020
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