CHINA’s PROFILE by The CIA/USA. (2016)
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html
For centuries China stood
as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and
sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by
civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World
War II, the communists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist
system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over
everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978,
MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented
economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the
population, living standards have improved dramatically and the room for
personal choice has expanded, yet political controls remain tight. Since the
early 1990s, China has increased its global outreach and participation in
international organizations.
·
Location:
: Eastern Asia, bordering the East
China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and
Vietnam
: Eastern Asia, bordering the East
China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and
Vietnam
Geographic coordinates::
35 00 N, 105 00 E
:
35 00 N, 105 00 E
Map references::
Asia
:
Asia
land: 9,326,410 sq km
water: 270,550 sq km
slightly smaller than the US
Area
comparison map:
total: 22,457 km
border countries (14): Afghanistan 91 km, Bhutan 477 km,
Burma 2,129 km, India 2,659 km, Kazakhstan 1,765 km, North Korea 1,352 km,
Kyrgyzstan 1,063 km, Laos 475 km, Mongolia 4,630 km, Nepal 1,389 km, Pakistan
438 km, Russia (northeast) 4,133 km, Russia (northwest) 46 km, Tajikistan 477
km, Vietnam 1,297 km
regional borders: Hong Kong 33 km, Macau 3 km
14,500 km
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the
continental margin
extremely diverse; tropical in
south to subarctic in north
mostly mountains, high plateaus,
deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east
mean elevation: 1,840 m
elevation extremes: lowest point: Turpan Pendi -154 m
highest point: Mount Everest
8,850 m (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level)
coal, iron ore, petroleum,
natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium,
magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower
potential (world's largest), arable land
agricultural land: 54.7%
arable land 11.3%; permanent
crops 1.6%; permanent pasture 41.8%
forest: 22.3%
other: 23% (2011 est.)
690,070 sq km (2012)
frequent typhoons (about five per
year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis;
earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence
volcanism: China contains some historically
active volcanoes including Changbaishan (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu, or
P'aektu-san), Hainan Dao, and Kunlun although most have been relatively
inactive in recent centuries
air pollution (greenhouse gases,
sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; China is
the world's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil
fuels; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from
untreated wastes; deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural
land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development; desertification;
trade in endangered species
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
world's fourth largest country
(after Russia, Canada, and US) and largest country situated entirely in Asia;
Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak
noun: Chinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Chinese
Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%,
other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong,
Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai and other nationalities) 7.1%
note: the Chinese Government officially
recognizes 56 ethnic groups (2010 est.)
Standard Chinese or Mandarin
(official; Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu
(Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka
dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)
note: Zhuang is official in Guangxi
Zhuang, Yue is official in Guangdong, Mongolian is official in Nei Mongol,
Uighur is official in Xinjiang Uygur, Kyrgyz is official in Xinjiang Uygur, and
Tibetan is official in Xizang (Tibet)
Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%,
Muslim 1.8%, folk religion 21.9%, Hindu < 0.1%, Jewish < 0.1%, other 0.7%
(includes Daoist (Taoist)), unaffiliated 52.2%
note: officially atheist (2010 est.)
0-14 years: 17.1% (male 126,732,020/female
108,172,771)
15-24 years: 13.27% (male 97,126,460/female
85,135,228)
25-54 years: 48.42% (male 339,183,101/female
325,836,319)
55-64 years: 10.87% (male 75,376,730/female
73,859,424)
65 years and over: 10.35% (male 67,914,015/female
74,205,210) (2016 est.)
population
pyramid:
total dependency ratio: 36.6%
youth dependency ratio: 23.5%
elderly dependency ratio: 13%
potential support ratio: 7.7% (2015 est.)
total: 37.1 years
male: 36.2 years
female: 38.1 years (2016 est.)
0.43% (2016 est.)
12.4 births/1,000 population
(2016 est.)
7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016
est.)
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2016 est.)
urban population: 55.6% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 3.05% annual rate of change
(2010-15 est.)
Shanghai 23.741 million; BEIJING
(capital) 20.384 million; Chongqing 13.332 million; Guangdong 12.458 million;
Tianjin 11.21 million; Shenzhen 10.749 million (2015)
at birth: 1.15 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.17 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.14 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
27 deaths/100,000 live births
(2015 est.)
total: 12.2 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 12.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12 deaths/1,000 live births (2016
est.)
total population: 75.5 years
male: 73.5 years
female: 77.9 years (2016 est.)
1.6 children born/woman (2016
est.)
84.6% (2006)
5.5% of GDP (2014)
1.49 physicians/1,000 population
(2011)
3.8 beds/1,000 population (2011)
improved:
urban: 97.5% of population
rural: 93% of population
total: 95.5% of population
unimproved:
urban: 2.5% of population
rural: 7% of population
total: 4.5% of population (2015
est.)
improved:
urban: 86.6% of population
rural: 63.7% of population
total: 76.5% of population
unimproved:
urban: 13.4% of population
rural: 36.3% of population
total: 23.5% of population (2015
est.)
0.1% (2012 est.)
780,000 (2012 est.)
NA
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne
diseases: bacterial diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: Japanese encephalitis
soil contact disease: hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with
renal syndrome (HFRS) (2016)
7.3% (2014)
3.4% (2010)
NA
definition: age 15 and over can read and
write
total population: 96.4%
male: 98.2%
female: 94.5% (2015 est.)
total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 14 years (2014)
in October 2015, the Chinese
Government announced that it would change its rules to allow all couples to
have two children instead of just one, as mandated in 1979; the new policy was implemented
on 1 January 2016 to address China’s rapidly aging population and economic
needs
·
conventional long form: People's Republic of China
conventional short form: China
local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
local short form: Zhongguo
abbreviation: PRC
etymology: English name derives from the Qin
(Chin) rulers of the 3rd century B.C., who comprised the first imperial dynasty
of ancient China; the Chinese name Zhongguo translates as "Central
Nation"
communist state
name: Beijing
geographic coordinates: 39 55 N, 116 23 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of
Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
note: despite its size, all of China
falls within one time zone; many people in Xinjiang Province observe an
unofficial "Xinjiang time zone" of UTC+6, two hours behind Beijing
23 provinces (sheng, singular and
plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4
municipalities (shi, singular and plural)
provinces: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong,
Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang;
(see note on Taiwan)
autonomous regions: Guangxi, Nei Mongol (Inner
Mongolia), Ningxia, Xinjiang Uygur, Xizang (Tibet)
municipalities: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai,
Tianjin
note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd
province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong
Kong and Macau
1 October 1949 (People's Republic
of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. (unification under the
Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China)
National Day, the anniversary of
the founding of the People's Republic of China, 1 October (1949)
several previous; latest
promulgated 4 December 1982; amended several times, last in 2004 (2016)
civil law influenced by Soviet
and continental European civil law systems; legislature retains power to
interpret statutes; note - criminal procedure law revised in early 2012
has not submitted an ICJ
jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent
only: least one parent must be a
citizen of China
dual citizenship
recognized: no
residency requirement for
naturalization: while naturalization is
theoretically possible, in practical terms it is extremely difficult; residency
is required but not specified
18 years of age; universal
chief of state: President XI Jinping (since 14
March 2013); Vice President LI Yuanchao (since 14 March 2013)
head of government: Premier LI Keqiang (since 16
March 2013); Executive Vice Premiers ZHANG Gaoli (since 16 March 2013), LIU
Yandong (since 16 March 2013), MA Kai (since 16 March 2013), WANG Yang (since
16 March 2013)
cabinet: State Council appointed by
National People's Congress
elections/appointments: president and vice president
indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (eligible
for a second term); election last held on 5-17 March 2013 (next to be held in
March 2018); premier nominated by president, confirmed by National People's
Congress
election results: XI Jinping elected president;
National People's Congress vote - 2,952 ; LI Yuanchao elected vice president
with 2,940 votes
description: unicameral National People's
Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (2,987 seats; members indirectly
elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses, and the
People's Liberation Army; members serve 5-year terms); note - in practice, only
members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), its 8 allied parties, and
CCP-approved independent candidates are elected
elections: last held in December
2012-February 2013 (next to be held in late 2017 to early 2018)
election results: percent of vote - NA; seats -
2,987
highest court(s): Supreme People's Court (consists
of over 340 judges including the chief justice, 13 grand justices organized
into a civil committee and tribunals for civil, economic, administrative,
complaint and appeal, and communication and transportation cases)
judge selection and term of
office: chief justice appointed by
the People's National Congress (NPC); term limited to 2 consecutive 5-year
terms; other justices and judges nominated by the chief justice and appointed
by the Standing Committee of the NPC; term of other justices and judges determined
by the NPC
subordinate courts: Higher People's Courts;
Intermediate People's Courts; District and County People's Courts; Autonomous
Region People's Courts; Special People's Courts for military, maritime,
transportation, and forestry issues
note: in late 2014, China unveiled
planned judicial reforms
Chinese Communist Party or CCP
[XI Jinping]
note: China has eight nominally
independent small parties ultimately controlled by the CCP
no substantial political
opposition groups exist
ADB, AfDB (nonregional member),
APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS,
CDB, CICA, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-5, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAIA (observer),
MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW,
Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, SICA
(observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL,
UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO,
ZC
chief of mission: Ambassador CUI Tiankai (since 3
April 2013)
chancery: 3505 International Place NW,
Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 495-2266
FAX: [1] (202) 495-2138
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
New York, San Francisco
chief of mission: Ambassador Max Sieben BAUCUS
(since 18 March 2014)
embassy: 55 An Jia Lou Lu, 100600 Beijing
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP
96521-0002
telephone: [86] (10) 8531-3000
FAX: [86] (10) 8531-3300
consulate(s) general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai,
Shenyang, Wuhan
red with a large yellow
five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a
vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the
color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social
classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and
the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of
China
dragon; national colors: red,
yellow
name: "Yiyongjun Jinxingqu"
(The March of the Volunteers)
lyrics/music: TIAN Han/NIE Er
note: adopted 1949; the anthem, though
banned during the Cultural Revolution, is more commonly known as "Zhongguo
Guoge" (Chinese National Song); it was originally the theme song to the
1935 Chinese movie, "Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm"
Since the late 1970s, China has
moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one
that plays a major global role; in 2010, China became the world's largest
exporter. Reforms began with the phaseout of collectivized agriculture, and
expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal
decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, growth of the
private sector, development of stock markets and a modern banking system, and
opening to foreign trade and investment. China has implemented reforms in a
gradualist fashion. In recent years, China has renewed its support for
state-owned enterprises in sectors considered important to "economic
security," explicitly looking to foster globally competitive industries.
The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have
contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Measured on a
purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China
in 2015 stood as the largest economy in the world, surpassing the US in 2014
for the first time in modern history. Still, China's per capita income is below
the world average.
After keeping its currency
tightly linked to the US dollar for years, China in July 2005 moved to an
exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. From mid-2005 to
late 2008, cumulative appreciation of the renminbi against the US dollar was
more than 20%, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar
from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing
allowed resumption of a gradual appreciation. In 2015, the People’s Bank of
China announced it would continue to carefully push for full convertibility of
the renminbi after the currency was accepted as part of the IMF’s special
drawing rights basket.
The Chinese Government faces
numerous economic challenges including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings
rate and correspondingly low domestic consumption; (b) facilitating higher-wage
job opportunities for the aspiring middle class, including rural migrants and
increasing numbers of college graduates; (c) reducing corruption and other
economic crimes; and (d) containing environmental damage and social strife
related to the economy's rapid transformation. Economic development has
progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and by 2014 more
than 274 million migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban
areas to find work. One consequence of population control policy is that China
is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in
the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of
the water table, especially in the North - is another long-term problem. China
continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. The
Chinese government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources
other than coal and oil, focusing on nuclear and alternative energy
development.
Several factors are converging to
slow China's growth, including debt overhang from its credit-fueled stimulus
program, industrial overcapacity, inefficient allocation of capital by
state-owned banks, and the slow recovery of China's trading partners. The
government's 13th Five-Year Plan, unveiled in November 2015, emphasizes
continued economic reforms and the need to increase innovation and domestic
consumption in order to make the economy less dependent in the future on fixed
investments, exports, and heavy industry. However, China has made only marginal
progress toward these rebalancing goals. The new government of President XI
Jinping has signaled a greater willingness to undertake reforms that focus on
China's long-term economic health, including giving the market a more decisive
role in allocating resources. In 2014, China agreed to begin limiting carbon
dioxide emissions by 2030.
$19.7 trillion (2015 est.)
$18.42 trillion (2014 est.)
$17.17 trillion (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars
$11.18 trillion (2015 est.)
note: because China's exchange rate is
determined by fiat rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate
measure of GDP is not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the
official exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's
output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at purchasing
power parity provides the best measure for comparing output across countries
6.9% (2015 est.)
7.3% (2014 est.)
7.8% (2013 est.)
$14,300 (2015 est.)
$13,500 (2014 est.)
$12,600 (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars
47.9% of GDP (2015 est.)
49.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
48.8% of GDP (2013 est.)
household consumption: 38%
government consumption: 13.6%
investment in fixed
capital: 43.4%
investment in inventories: 1.6%
exports of goods and
services: 21.7%
imports of goods and
services: -18.3% (2015 est.)
agriculture: 8.9%
industry: 40.9%
services: 50.2%
(2015 est.)
world leader in gross value of
agricultural output; rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley,
apples, cotton, oilseed; pork; fish
world leader in gross value of
industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other
metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum;
cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products (including footwear, toys,
and electronics); food processing; transportation equipment, including
automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, aircraft; telecommunications
equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites
6% (2015 est.)
806.3 million
note: by the end of 2012, China's
population at working age (15-64 years) was 1.004 billion (2015 est.)
agriculture: 33.6%
industry: 30.3%
services: 36.1%
(2012 est.)
4% (2015 est.)
4.1% (2014 est.)
note: data are for registered urban
unemployment, which excludes private enterprises and migrants
6.1%
note: in 2011, China set a new poverty
line at RMB 2300 (approximately US $400)
(2013 est.)
lowest 10%: 1.7%
highest 10%: 30%
note: data are for urban households
only (2009)
46.9 (2014 est.)
47.3 (2013 est.)
revenues: $2.444 trillion
expenditures: $2.822 trillion (2015 est.)
22.3% of GDP (2015 est.)
-3.4% of GDP (2015 est.)
15.3% of GDP (2015 est.)
14.8% of GDP (2014 est.)
note: official data; data cover both
central government debt and local government debt, which China's National Audit
Office estimated at RMB 10.72 trillion (approximately US$1.66 trillion) in
2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, China Asset
Management Company debt, and non-performing loans
calendar year
1.4% (2015 est.)
2% (2014 est.)
2.25% (31 December 2014 est.)
2.25% (31 December 2013 est.)
4.35% (31 December 2015 est.)
5.6% (31 December 2014 est.)
$6.176 trillion (31 December 2015
est.)
$5.688 trillion (31 December 2014
est.)
$20.93 trillion (31 December 2015
est.)
$20.07 trillion (31 December 2014
est.)
$20.53 trillion (31 December 2015
est.)
$17.6 trillion (31 December 2014
est.)
$6.065 trillion (31 December 2014
est.)
$6.499 trillion (31 December
2013)
$5.753 trillion (31 December 2012
est.)
$330.6 billion (2015 est.)
$277.4 billion (2014 est.)
$2.143 trillion (2015 est.)
$2.244 trillion (2014 est.)
electrical and other machinery,
including data processing equipment, apparel, furniture, textiles, integrated
circuits
US 18%, Hong Kong 14.6%, Japan
6%, South Korea 4.5% (2015)
$1.576 trillion (2015 est.)
$1.809 trillion (2014 est.)
electrical and other machinery,
oil and mineral fuels; nuclear reactor, boiler, and machinery components;
optical and medical equipment, metal ores, motor vehicles; soybeans
South Korea 10.9%, US 9%, Japan
8.9%, Germany 5.5%, Australia 4.1% (2015)
$3.406 trillion (31 December 2015
est.)
$3.869 trillion (31 December 2014
est.)
$958.3 billion (31 December 2015
est.)
$959.5 billion (31 December 2014
est.)
$1.221 trillion (31 December 2015
est.)
$1.085 trillion (31 December 2014
est.)
$1.01 trillion (31 December 2015
est.)
$888.6 billion (31 December 2014
est.)
Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar
-
6.2275 (2015 est.)
6.1434 (2014 est.)
6.1958 (2013 est.)
6.3123 (2012 est.)
6.4615 (2011 est.)
population without electricity: 1.2 million
electrification - total population: 99.9 %
electrification - urban areas: 100 %
electrification - rural areas: 99.8 % (2016)
5.65 trillion kWh (2014)
5.523 trillion kWh (2014)
18.16 billion kWh (2014)
6.75 billion kWh (2014)
1.505 billion kW (2014 est.)
67.3% of total installed capacity
(2014 est.)
1.5% of total installed capacity
(2014 est.)
22.2% of total installed capacity
(2014 est.)
9% of total installed capacity
(2014 est.)
4.189 million bbl/day (2014 est.)
12,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
6.167 million bbl/day (2014 est.)
24.65 billion bbl (1 January 2015
est.)
9.879 million bbl/day (2012 est.)
10.48 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
593,400 bbl/day (2014 est.)
600,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
121.5 billion cu m (2014 est.)
180.4 billion cu m (2014 est.)
2.603 billion cu m (2014 est.)
59.7 billion cu m (2014 est.)
3.3 trillion cu m (1 January 2014
est.)
10 billion Mt (2013 est.)
total subscriptions: 230.996 million
subscriptions per 100
inhabitants: 17 (July 2015 est.)
total: 1,305.738 million
subscriptions per 100
inhabitants: 95 (July 2015 est.)
general assessment: domestic and international
services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed
domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns;
China continues to develop its telecommunications infrastructure; China in the
summer of 2008 began a major restructuring of its telecommunications industry,
resulting in the consolidation of its six telecom service operators to three,
China Telecom, China Mobile, and China Unicom, each providing both fixed-line
and mobile services
domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk
lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; mobile-cellular
subscribership is increasing rapidly; the number of Internet users now over 50%
of the population; a domestic satellite system with several earth stations is
in place
international: country code - 86; a number of
submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the
US; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian
Ocean; 1 Intersputnik - Indian Ocean region; and 1 Inmarsat - Pacific and
Indian Ocean regions) (2012)
all broadcast media are owned by,
or affiliated with, the Communist Party of China or a government agency; no
privately owned TV or radio stations; state-run Chinese Central TV, provincial,
and municipal stations offer more than 2,000 channels; the Central Propaganda
Department lists subjects that are off limits to domestic broadcast media with
the government maintaining authority to approve all programming; foreign-made
TV programs must be approved prior to broadcast
.cn
total: 687.845 million
percent of population: 50.3% (July 2015 est.)
number of registered air
carriers: 56
inventory of registered
aircraft operated by air carriers: 2,890
annual passenger traffic on
registered air carriers: 436,183,969
annual freight traffic on
registered air carriers: 19.806 billion mt-km
B
507 (2013)
total: 463
over 3,047 m: 71
2,438 to 3,047 m: 158
1,524 to 2,437 m: 123
914 to 1,523 m: 25
under 914 m: 86 (2013)
total: 44
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 18 (2013)
47 (2013)
condensate 9 km; gas 48,502 km;
oil 23,072 km; oil/gas/water 31 km; refined products 15,298 km; water 9 km
(2013)
total: 191,270 km
broad gauge: 100 km 1.520-m gauge
standard gauge: 190,000 km 1.435-m gauge (92,000
km electrified)
narrow gauge: 670 km 1.000-m gauge; 500 km
0.762-m gauge (2014)
total: 4,106,387 km
paved: 3,453,890 km (includes 84,946 km
of expressways)
unpaved: 652,497 km (2011)
110,000 km (navigable waterways)
(2011)
total: 2,030
by type: barge carrier 7, bulk carrier
621, cargo 566, carrier 10, chemical tanker 140, container 206, liquefied gas
60, passenger 9, passenger/cargo 81, petroleum tanker 264, refrigerated cargo
33, roll on/roll off 8, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 23
foreign-owned: 22 (Hong Kong 18, Indonesia 2,
Japan 2)
registered in other
countries: 1,559 (Bangladesh 1, Belize
61, Cambodia 177, Comoros 1, Cyprus 6, Georgia 10, Honduras 2, Hong Kong 500,
India 1, Indonesia 1, Kiribati 26, Liberia 4, Malta 6, Marshall Islands 14,
North Korea 3, Panama 534, Philippines 4, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines 65, Sao Tome and Principe 1, Sierra Leone 19,
Singapore 29, South Korea 6, Thailand 1, Togo 1, Tuvalu 4, UK 7, Vanuatu 1,
unknown 73) (2010)
major seaport(s): Dalian, Ningbo, Qingdao,
Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin
river port(s): Guangzhou (Pearl)
container port(s) (TEUs): Dalian (6,400,300), Guangzhou
(14,260,400), Ningbo (14,719,200), Qingdao (13,020,100), Shanghai (31,739,000),
Shenzhen (22,570,800), Tianjin (11,587,600)(2011)
LNG terminal(s) (import): Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu,
Shandong, Shanghai, Tangshan, Zhejiang
People's Liberation Army (PLA):
Ground Forces, Navy (PLAN; includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force
(Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun Kongjun, PLAAF; includes Airborne Forces), and Second
Artillery Corps (strategic missile force); People's Armed Police (Renmin
Wuzhuang Jingcha Budui, PAP); PLA Reserve Force (2012)
18-24 years of age for selective
compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age
for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for
women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs; a
recent military decision allows women in combat roles; the first class of women
warship commanders was in 2011 (2012)
1.99% of GDP (2012)
2% of GDP (2011)
1.99% of GDP (2010)
continuing talks and
confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that
nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration
of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and
Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir
lands to China in 1964; China and India continue their security and foreign
policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their
rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other
matters; China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the
Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China
continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve
territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the
largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient;
Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to
rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to
periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China; Chinese maps show
an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the
South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon
exploration; China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the
Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia,
the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct
of Parties in the South China Sea eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the
legally binding code of conduct sought by some parties; Vietnam and China
continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratlys and in March
2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed
a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;
China occupies some of the
Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; the Japanese-administered
Senkaku Islands are also claimed by China and Taiwan; certain islands in the
Yalu and Tumen Rivers are in dispute with North Korea; North Korea and China
seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privations
and oppression, by building a fence along portions of the border and
imprisoning North Koreans deported by China; China and Russia have demarcated
the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun
River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; China and Tajikistan have begun
demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; the
decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in
2009; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has
reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved
Burma, with backing from Thailand, remains intent on building five
hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests
Chinese and Hong Kong authorities
met in March 2008 to resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen
River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop
refugees (country of
origin): 300,896 (Vietnam);
undetermined (North Korea) (2015)
IDPs: undetermined (2014)
current situation: China is a source, transit, and
destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking
and forced labor; Chinese adults and children are forced into prostitution and
various forms of forced labor, including begging and working in brick kilns,
coal mines, and factories; women and children are recruited from rural areas
and taken to urban centers for sexual exploitation, often lured by criminal syndicates
or gangs with fraudulent job offers; state-sponsored forced labor, where
detainees work for up to four years often with no remuneration, continues to be
a serious concern; Chinese men, women, and children also may be subjected to
conditions of sex trafficking and forced labor worldwide, particularly in
overseas Chinese communities; women and children are trafficked to China from
neighboring countries, as well as Africa and the Americas, for forced labor and
prostitution
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - China does
not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking;
however, it is making significant efforts to do so; official data for 2014
states that 194 alleged traffickers were arrested and at least 35 were
convicted, but the government’s conflation of human trafficking with other
crimes makes it difficult to assess law enforcement efforts to investigate and
to prosecute trafficking offenses according to international law; despite
reports of complicity, no government officials were investigated, prosecuted,
or convicted for their roles in trafficking offenses; authorities did not
adequately protect victims and did not provide the data needed to ascertain the
number of victims identified or assisted or the services provided; the National
People’s Congress ratified a decision to abolish “reform through labor” in
2013, but some continued to operate as state-sponsored drug detention or
“custody and education” centers that force inmates to perform manual labor; some
North Korean refugees continued to be forcibly repatriated as illegal economic
migrants, despite reports that some were trafficking victims (2015)
major transshipment point for
heroin produced in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing
domestic consumption of synthetic drugs, and heroin from Southeast and
Southwest Asia; source country for methamphetamine and heroin chemical
precursors, despite new regulations on its large chemical industry; more people
believed to be convicted and executed for drug offences than anywhere else in
the world, according to NGOs (2008)
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